Surface Mine Drilling and Blasting Procedure using Surpac
1.0 Introduction
Drilling and Blasting in any hard rock mine is the first process to free the ore from the in situ or host rocks. The degree and the efficiency through which drilling and blasting is done actually determines the quality of the broken material for eventual downstream processing.
In surface mining operations, the purpose of drilling into rock is to provide a “blast hole” into which explosives can be loaded (Source: Blast Hole Drilling Module-4). Good drilling practice include carefully monitoring drill-rig operating parameters, taking careful notes of the changes in geology during drilling, and effectively communicating to the blasting crew any unusual conditions encountered during drilling that may affect blasting results or require changes in hole loading practices.
Blast designing is not a science, but knowledge, experience, studying and analyzing past practices in relation to rock strata & geology etc., makes blaster to achieve perfection. Thus, for a blaster, valuable tool is the file of blast reports that he builds as he gains experience. Not only do these provide evidence of the quality of his work, but they also provide a wealth of information upon which he can draw as future blasting situations develop (Source: Partha Das Sharma, Rock Breakage and Blast Design Considerations in Open Pit).
The main objective of this course book is not to discuss in detail the theory behind drilling and blasting, but to get one up to speed quickly in utilizing the software tools available to design blast patterns.
It is advisable that any one new to Surpac should at least go through the “Introduction to Surpac tutorial” and the “Drilling and Blasting tutorial”.
2.0 Design Requirements
For any blast design in Surpac, the following are the main requirements one would use to successfully design a pattern
(a) A blast master outline.
The blast master contains polygons (closed strings) of pattern outlines showing the shapes, drilling and firing sequence. This is usually designed in advance of any pattern design.
It sets out individual blast patterns on a bench and indicates the optimal sequence of drilling and blasting. That sequence aims to achieve budgeted ore tons and grades together with the associated stripping.
Blast master design has a separate procedure on its own and won’t be discussed in detail but will be included in the appendix of this course book.
(b) A good folder structure to store data
It is important that you must already have a folder structure for your design setup already usually in a common network drive. Below is an example of a folder structure to work from and a brief description of each.
Note that all discussions and work examples in the preceding chapters will be based around this folder structure.
(c) A good understanding of the pattern naming convention.
3.0 Production Pattern Design
Production patterns are pretty much straight forward. Usually production holes for a particular bench are already designed and stored in the blast master folder for the particular bench on the network drive during creation of blast masters. One only needs to load the holes and clipped the holes to within the outline of the particular pattern ids.
This shows production holes already designed for the pit design2 920 bench. The two patterns pointed out are 920_214 and 920_217.
However, in situations where designs are not done, the following steps can get you quickly up to speed in designing your production holes.
3.0.1 Creating production holes from bench outlines.
We will be using bench960_950.str string file from the drill & blast tutorial for this excercise
(a) Under “demo_data>tutorials” set the “drill_and_blast” folder as the working directory. Then drag the bench960_950.str into graphics. Identify the toe string. We will be using the 960rl string(blue) as the production outline for the bench and designing our holes from 960rl to 950rl (10meter bench). In actual practice, production outlines are based on the toe of the bench to be drilled to, extending out and connecting to the existing toe of the asbuilt (surface) or boundary of the design.
"TO BE CONTINUED"
Drilling and Blasting in any hard rock mine is the first process to free the ore from the in situ or host rocks. The degree and the efficiency through which drilling and blasting is done actually determines the quality of the broken material for eventual downstream processing.
In surface mining operations, the purpose of drilling into rock is to provide a “blast hole” into which explosives can be loaded (Source: Blast Hole Drilling Module-4). Good drilling practice include carefully monitoring drill-rig operating parameters, taking careful notes of the changes in geology during drilling, and effectively communicating to the blasting crew any unusual conditions encountered during drilling that may affect blasting results or require changes in hole loading practices.
Blast designing is not a science, but knowledge, experience, studying and analyzing past practices in relation to rock strata & geology etc., makes blaster to achieve perfection. Thus, for a blaster, valuable tool is the file of blast reports that he builds as he gains experience. Not only do these provide evidence of the quality of his work, but they also provide a wealth of information upon which he can draw as future blasting situations develop (Source: Partha Das Sharma, Rock Breakage and Blast Design Considerations in Open Pit).
The main objective of this course book is not to discuss in detail the theory behind drilling and blasting, but to get one up to speed quickly in utilizing the software tools available to design blast patterns.
It is advisable that any one new to Surpac should at least go through the “Introduction to Surpac tutorial” and the “Drilling and Blasting tutorial”.
2.0 Design Requirements
For any blast design in Surpac, the following are the main requirements one would use to successfully design a pattern
(a) A blast master outline.
The blast master contains polygons (closed strings) of pattern outlines showing the shapes, drilling and firing sequence. This is usually designed in advance of any pattern design.
It sets out individual blast patterns on a bench and indicates the optimal sequence of drilling and blasting. That sequence aims to achieve budgeted ore tons and grades together with the associated stripping.
Blast master design has a separate procedure on its own and won’t be discussed in detail but will be included in the appendix of this course book.
(b) A good folder structure to store data
It is important that you must already have a folder structure for your design setup already usually in a common network drive. Below is an example of a folder structure to work from and a brief description of each.
Note that all discussions and work examples in the preceding chapters will be based around this folder structure.
(c) A good understanding of the pattern naming convention.
3.0 Production Pattern Design
Production patterns are pretty much straight forward. Usually production holes for a particular bench are already designed and stored in the blast master folder for the particular bench on the network drive during creation of blast masters. One only needs to load the holes and clipped the holes to within the outline of the particular pattern ids.
This shows production holes already designed for the pit design2 920 bench. The two patterns pointed out are 920_214 and 920_217.
However, in situations where designs are not done, the following steps can get you quickly up to speed in designing your production holes.
3.0.1 Creating production holes from bench outlines.
We will be using bench960_950.str string file from the drill & blast tutorial for this excercise
(a) Under “demo_data>tutorials” set the “drill_and_blast” folder as the working directory. Then drag the bench960_950.str into graphics. Identify the toe string. We will be using the 960rl string(blue) as the production outline for the bench and designing our holes from 960rl to 950rl (10meter bench). In actual practice, production outlines are based on the toe of the bench to be drilled to, extending out and connecting to the existing toe of the asbuilt (surface) or boundary of the design.
"TO BE CONTINUED"
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